Escola americana (economia)

Veja também Sistema americano (programa econômico).

A escola americana de economia política, também conhecida como "sistema nacional", é uma doutrina macroeconômica que dominou a política econômica dos Estados Unidos desde a Guerra de Secessão até a metade do século XX.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] Usada na retórica política norte-americana desde 1824 até hoje, foi aplicada como política governamental por muitas décadas durante esse período, apresentando-se de maneira mais intensa ou mais atenuada segundo os graus efetivos e os detalhes de implementação. De acordo com Michael Lind, existiu como uma doutrina econômica coerente, com relações lógicas e conceituais com outras ideias econômicas.^[9] Consistia nestas três políticas centrais:

proteção da indústria mediante tarifas alfandegárias elevadas e seletivas (especialmente entre 1861 e 1932) e, segundo alguns, também mediante subsídios (especialmente entre 1932 e 1970)
investimentos estatais na infra-estrutura criando melhoramentos internos planejados (especialmente no setor de transportes)
um banco nacional com políticas que promovem o crescimento dos empreendimentos produtivos.^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]

É uma escola econômica baseada no programa econômico de Hamilton.^[14] e foi proposta com o objetivo de possibilitar aos Estados Unidos a independência econômica e a auto-suficiência nacional.

Os elementos fundamentais da escola americana foram promovidos por John Quincy Adams e seu Partido Republicano Nacional, Henry Clay e o Partido Whig, e Abraham Lincoln mediante o primitivo Partido Republicano, os quais abraçaram, implementaram e defenderam este sistema de política econômica.^[15]

Durante o período em que foi aplicado o sistema americano, os Estados Unidos tornaram-se a maior economia nacional do mundo, com o mais alto padrão de vida, ultrapassando a Grã-Bretanha por volta de 1890.^[16]

↑ "Ideas and Movements: American System" U-S-History.com
↑ John Caldwell Calhoun.
↑ "Second Bank of the United States" U-S-History.com.
↑ "Republican Party Platform of 1860" presidency.ucsb.edu
↑ "Republican Party Platform of 1856" presidency.ucsb.edu.
↑ Pacific Railway Act (1862) ourdocuments.gov.
↑ "History of U.S. Banking" SCU.edu Arquivado em 4 de dezembro de 2007, no Wayback Machine..
↑ ANDREWS, E. Benjamin, Page 180 of Scribner's Magazine Volume 18 #1 (January–June 1896); "A History of the Last Quarter-Century".
↑ "Free Trade Fallacy" New America.
↑ Lind, Michael: "Lincoln and his successors in the Republican party of 1865–1932, by presiding over the industrialization of the United State, foreclosed the option that the United States would remain a rural society with an agrarian economy, as so many Jeffersonians had hoped." and "…Hamiltonian side… the Federalists; the National Republicans; the Whigs, the Republicans; the Progressives." — "Hamilton's Republic" Introduction pp. xiv–xv. Free Press, Simon & Schuster, USA: 1997. ISBN 0-684-83160-0.
↑ Lind, Michael: "During the nineteenth century the dominant school of American political economy was the "American School" of developmental economic nationalism… The patron saint of the American School was Alexander Hamilton, whose Report on Manufactures (1791) had called for federal government activism in sponsoring infrastructure development and industrialization behind tariff walls that would keep out British manufactured goods… The American School, elaborated in the nineteenth century by economists like Henry Carey (who advised President Lincoln), inspired the "American System" of Henry Clay and the protectionist import-substitution policies of Lincoln and his successors in the Republican party well into the twentieth century." — "Hamilton's Republic" Part III "The American School of National Economy" pp. 229–30. Free Press, Simon & Schuster, USA: 1997. ISBN 0-684-83160-0.
↑ Richardson, Heather Cox: "By 1865, the Republicans had developed a series of high tariffs and taxes that reflected the economic theories of Carey and Wayland and were designed to strengthen and benefit all parts of the American economy, raising the standard of living for everyone. As a Republican concluded… "Congress must shape its legislation as to incidentally aid all branches of industry, render the people prosperous, and enable them to pay taxes… for ordinary expenses of Government." — "The Greatest Nation of the Earth" Chapter 4, "Directing the Legislation of the Country to the Improvement of the Country: Tariff and Tax Legislation" pp. 136–37. President and Fellows of Harvard College, USA: 1997. ISBN 0-674-36213-6.
↑ Boritt, Gabor S: "Lincoln thus had the pleasure of signing into law much of the program he had worked for through the better part of his political life. And this, as Leornard P. Curry, the historian of the legislation has aptly written, amounted to a "blueprint for modern America." and "The man Lincoln selected for the sensitive position of Secretary of the Treasury, Salmon P. Chase, was an ex-Democrat, but of the moderate cariety on economics, one whom Joseph Dorfman could even describe as 'a good Hamiltonian, and a western progressive of the Lincoln stamp in everything from a tariff to a national bank.'" — "Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream" Chapter 14, "The Whig in the White House" pp. 196–97. Memphis State University Press, USA: 1994. ISBN 0878700439.
↑ hmco.org
↑ J.L.M. Curry, "Confederate States and Their Constitution", The Galaxy, New York, 1874 cornell.edu
↑ Gill, William J. "By 1880 the United States of America had overtaken and surpassed England as industrial leader of the world." — "Trade Wars Against America: A History of United States Trade and Monetary Policy", Chapter 6, "America becomes Number 1" pp. 39–49. Praeger Publishers, USA: 1990. ISBN 0-275-93316-4.

[1] "Ideas and Movements: American System" U-S-History.com

[John_Caldwell_Calhoun-2] John Caldwell Calhoun.

[US_History_256-3] "Second Bank of the United States" U-S-History.com.

[4] "Republican Party Platform of 1860" presidency.ucsb.edu

[5] "Republican Party Platform of 1856" presidency.ucsb.edu.

[6] Pacific Railway Act (1862) ourdocuments.gov.

[7] "History of U.S. Banking" SCU.edu Arquivado em 4 de dezembro de 2007, no Wayback Machine..

[Andrews-8] ANDREWS, E. Benjamin, Page 180 of Scribner's Magazine Volume 18 #1 (January–June 1896); "A History of the Last Quarter-Century".

[9] "Free Trade Fallacy" New America.

[10] Lind, Michael: "Lincoln and his successors in the Republican party of 1865–1932, by presiding over the industrialization of the United State, foreclosed the option that the United States would remain a rural society with an agrarian economy, as so many Jeffersonians had hoped." and "…Hamiltonian side… the Federalists; the National Republicans; the Whigs, the Republicans; the Progressives." — "Hamilton's Republic" Introduction pp. xiv–xv. Free Press, Simon & Schuster, USA: 1997. ISBN 0-684-83160-0.

[Michael-11] Lind, Michael: "During the nineteenth century the dominant school of American political economy was the "American School" of developmental economic nationalism… The patron saint of the American School was Alexander Hamilton, whose Report on Manufactures (1791) had called for federal government activism in sponsoring infrastructure development and industrialization behind tariff walls that would keep out British manufactured goods… The American School, elaborated in the nineteenth century by economists like Henry Carey (who advised President Lincoln), inspired the "American System" of Henry Clay and the protectionist import-substitution policies of Lincoln and his successors in the Republican party well into the twentieth century." — "Hamilton's Republic" Part III "The American School of National Economy" pp. 229–30. Free Press, Simon & Schuster, USA: 1997. ISBN 0-684-83160-0.

[12] Richardson, Heather Cox: "By 1865, the Republicans had developed a series of high tariffs and taxes that reflected the economic theories of Carey and Wayland and were designed to strengthen and benefit all parts of the American economy, raising the standard of living for everyone. As a Republican concluded… "Congress must shape its legislation as to incidentally aid all branches of industry, render the people prosperous, and enable them to pay taxes… for ordinary expenses of Government." — "The Greatest Nation of the Earth" Chapter 4, "Directing the Legislation of the Country to the Improvement of the Country: Tariff and Tax Legislation" pp. 136–37. President and Fellows of Harvard College, USA: 1997. ISBN 0-674-36213-6.

[13] Boritt, Gabor S: "Lincoln thus had the pleasure of signing into law much of the program he had worked for through the better part of his political life. And this, as Leornard P. Curry, the historian of the legislation has aptly written, amounted to a "blueprint for modern America." and "The man Lincoln selected for the sensitive position of Secretary of the Treasury, Salmon P. Chase, was an ex-Democrat, but of the moderate cariety on economics, one whom Joseph Dorfman could even describe as 'a good Hamiltonian, and a western progressive of the Lincoln stamp in everything from a tariff to a national bank.'" — "Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream" Chapter 14, "The Whig in the White House" pp. 196–97. Memphis State University Press, USA: 1994. ISBN 0878700439.

[HMCO-14] .org

[15] J.L.M. Curry, "Confederate States and Their Constitution", The Galaxy, New York, 1874 cornell.edu

[16] Gill, William J. "By 1880 the United States of America had overtaken and surpassed England as industrial leader of the world." — "Trade Wars Against America: A History of United States Trade and Monetary Policy", Chapter 6, "America becomes Number 1" pp. 39–49. Praeger Publishers, USA: 1990. ISBN 0-275-93316-4.

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